Plant toxins are naturally occurring chemical compounds produced by various plants as a defense mechanism against herbivores, pathogens, and other potential threats.   Unfortunately we have abandoned tried-and-true ways of mitigating plant toxins when we opted to process and ultra process our foods.  Now we have an overload of plant toxins in our food supply.  

These toxins are designed to deter or harm animals, insects, and microorganisms that might otherwise consume or damage the plant. Plant toxins can have a wide range of effects on the organisms that come into contact with them, and they play a significant role in shaping the interactions between plants and the living organisms in their environment. Here are some common types of plant toxins:

1. Alkaloids: Alkaloids are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants. They can have a variety of effects on animals and humans, ranging from toxic or medicinal properties to hallucinogenic effects. Examples of alkaloids include nicotine, caffeine, and morphine.

2. Glycosides: Glycosides are compounds that consist of a sugar molecule attached to another molecule, often a toxic one. Some glycosides can be hydrolyzed in the body to release toxic substances. For example, the compound amygdalin found in certain fruits, like apricot kernels, can release cyanide when ingested.

3. Lectins: Lectins are proteins that can bind to specific carbohydrates, and they are found in various plants. Some lectins are toxic and can interfere with digestion or disrupt cellular processes when ingested.

4. Phytates:  Phytates are often considered anti-nutrients because they can bind to minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc in the digestive tract, forming insoluble complexes. This binding reduces the bioavailability of these essential minerals, making them less accessible for absorption by the body. As a result, a diet high in phytate-containing foods can potentially lead to mineral deficiencies, especially in populations that rely heavily on plant-based diets.

5. Oxalates: Oxalates are salts of oxalic acid found in many plant species. Ingesting high levels of oxalates can lead to the formation of kidney stones in some animals and humans.  Read More on Oxalates Here!

6. Protease inhibitors: These compounds interfere with the digestion of proteins by inhibiting the activity of digestive enzymes. They are often found in legumes, like soybeans.

It’s important to note that while many plant toxins can be harmful, some plants have been used for their medicinal properties, provided that they are prepared and consumed in specific ways to minimize the risks associated with their toxins.

Additionally, some animals have developed adaptations that allow them to consume and even specialize in certain plants that contain toxins.  From a functional point of view, it’s all about tolerance.  Health is not just the absence of disease, it’s the create of physiological reserves and ability to adapt to the world around us!